A Report on a Simulation on Important Political Issues of...

I represented Nouri Al-Maliki the prime minister of Iraq. The prime minister in Iraq makes the executive decisions. Over the course of this this simulation thankfully I gained a lot of knowledge of how crazy it can be on the political side of things. Not only did I learn about Iraq but also I learned many new things about other countries and the way their governments run things. In the next year or so I will graduate as a High school social studies teacher and after doing this simulation I learned how valuable it can be to allow students to be apart of a simulation. The simulation helped me catch up with a lot of important political issues of current and past times. There are many issues that I didn’t expect my country to be facing when I started the simulation. When I chose Iraq I didn’t expect there to be numerous issues taking place. On main issue they are facing is the pouring in of Syrian opposition rebels into their country. They are affecting Iraq with a uprising of tension between Sunni and Shia Muslims in the region. During my simulation I came across a couple articles that talked about the Iraqi government blaming Saudi Arabia for motivating these terrorists from many regions and their own country to go into Syria, which is effecting me. So what I did is I talked to Saudi Arabia and we came to a deal that they will call all of their citizens back, thou they will continue to fund the rebels. Another issue Iraq was facing was a speculation that they boughtShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming Is A Real Phenomenon1048 Words   |  5 Pagesspecies. We are constantly learning more about our planet. However, in the last century, there has been a different trend taking place. We have experienced a rise in the Earth’s temperature. Global warming is the phenomenon that has taken place over the past one hundred and thirty-three years. Global warming has been described as the greenhouse effect of dangerous gases released to the atmosphere. The gas eventually creates an invisible cloud over our planet which makes it more difficult for heat to heatRead MoreMethods of Collecting Behavioural Data4359 Words   |  18 Pagesquestionnaire used by a specialist in organizational behavior is prepared rigorously. Before preparing a final questionnaire, a scientist collects relevant facts and generates hypotheses (educated guesses) about important issues to explore. The questionnaire is carefully designed to measure relevant issues about the topic being surveyed. Among the surveys included in this textbook is the Creative Personality Test in Chapter 5. 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The panel found that the 1990s had been the warmest decade on record and predicted that temperatures will rise anywhere from 2.5 to 10.4 degrees around the world over the next century, causing changes to global weather patterns. Indeed, unusual and frequentlyRead MoreStrategic Management-Evaluation of Three Methods4655 Words   |  19 Pagesavailable at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/researchregisters The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://www.emeraldinsight.com/0262-1711.htm Strategic management: an evaluation of the use of three learning methods Department of Strategic Management and Marketing, Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK Keywords Learning, Strategic management, Simulation, Action learning, Consultancy Abstract The article examines the use of threeRead MoreRisk Mitigation Using Joint Venture Agreement in the Upstream Petroleum Industry15328 Words   |  62 Pageswonderful siblings, Omotara and Oluwabusayo Ogundipe for the much needed love. Finally to all my IBEP colleagues for challenging me with their wealth of knowledge and diversity. ABSTRACT The effective selection of investment projects is very important in the oil industry. This is because of the risks inherent in petroleum operations. Investors have sought to find improved ways of doing business in the industry such that the risks can be managed as much as possible. Joint venture partnershipsRead MoreCivic and Citizenship Education in Malaysia2711 Words   |  11 Pagesaction to solve problems at the local, national and international levels. Student participation in the organisation of studies and of the educational establishment they are attending should itself be considered a factor in civic education and an important element in international education.† (UNESCO Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1974.) The government of Malaysia has consideredRead MoreMarket to Win Simulation Essays2558 Words   |  11 Pagesoutline and analyse the market strategy in the simulation Game 2. Also, an evaluation of the previous strategic decisions as well as the SWOT of our company should be given. Based on this, recommendations for the next 4 years (8 periods) of the marketing strategy will be presented. 2. Executive Summary This report provides an analysis of the competitive environment of the UK supermarket sector as represented in simulation game 2. The objective of this report is to prepare a strategic marketing planRead MoreGroup 4 Final Simulation Report13740 Words   |  55 PagesKATHMANDU UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Simulation Project Report Submitted to: Sabin Bikram Pant Assistant Professor, KUSOM Submitted by: Santosh Dahal (13109) Miran Maharjan (13114) Anu Shah (13128) Shiva Hari Subedi (13135) January 4, 2014 Table of Contents Chapter I ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background ...................................................Read MoreTerm Paper on Project Risk Management14904 Words   |  60 Pagesproject risk. It includes maximizing the results of positive events and minimizing the consequences of adverse events. 1.2 RISK IN REAL ESTATE AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The real estate and construction industry has changed significantly over the past several years. It is an industry driven primarily by private investors; the presence of securitized real estate has increased considerably. Not unexpectedly, the influence of institutional investors on the real estate industry is formidable. They

The Configuration Of Wings Wing - 1069 Words

To acquire some perspective and information on the current flapping wing MAVs, it is useful to investigate the existing product that has been completed by a variety of research groups, companies and personal maker. Depending on distinct different size, flapping wing air vehicles (ornithopers) can be differentiated into two groups, MAVs and full-size ornithopters. The first group, as mentioned is the vehicles with dimensions less than 0.2m. The second group is relevant to large vehicles. The concerns of size limitations have intensively correlations with flapping mechanisms. The flapping mechanism is the primary issue and technique in flapping MAVs because it is used to convert the rotary motioin into an oscillatory motion and hence makes a†¦show more content†¦Utilization of bending, a pin, torsion springs and follower assembly is to control pitching motion. A picture can be seen in Figure 2.10. The second style is a front-mounted double pushrod mechanism, also called four bar linkage (FBL) mechanism [25]. A motor connects gears assembly that increase flapping force while reducing flapping rate. Two pushrods with fixed length are connected to each flapping spar, thus driving the wing doing up and down motion through pinned connections. Because of the pinned connections, only the vertical component of motion is transferred from the drive mechanism. This mechanism is extensively used due to its simplicity, light weight and ease of part replacement. Figure 2.11 shows the Chung Hua University flapping MAV applied the FBL mechanism [29]. The following one is a flapping wing UAV design and has been flew successfully in actual, which is designed by DeLaurier et al. [26]. Similar to the others, this mechanism converts rotation to translation. The working procedure is a motor connected with a system of gears by conveyer belts. While the motor is running, the mechanism is driven in an up and down motion and transport the motion to two parallel posts. The output of the two posts is converted to a centre section of wing which is connected to both wings in a hinge. Frequencies in the range of 3-5 Hz have been discovered in this mechanism [26]. 3. Summary Since a

Personal Narrative A Challenging Course - 885 Words

English 101 was a challenging course. A constant stream of reading and writing lead to a demanding yet rewarding semester. The variety of texts read and written about provided a plethora of life lessons and demonstrations of values. Now at the end of the course I find myself a better student and writer. The texts themselves were not influential to my growth as a critical reader or college student. Rather, it was my own analysis of the texts that allowed me to consider other perspectives on technology use in the classroom and the importance of revision when it comes to school work. Writing an essay on the impossibility of multitasking and the learning setbacks caused by technology use in the classroom caused me to reduce my technology use while doing homework. Deak says, â€Å"If you are listening to Mozart while you are going maths, whenever your brain starts to hear Mozart it has to leave the maths part, and that takes time. When the brain starts to refocus on maths, it goes through the whole process again† (Morrison 1). Ever since writing this essay, I’ve began to pay attention more to my own technology use and productivity. I no longer take short, frequent breaks while doing school work. Instead, I take longer breaks after accomplishing more of my work before switching to another task. I find that I am now more efficient and less stressed ever since I allow myself to do more work. Prior to writing, I would have never considered such an anti-technology stance, no matter whatShow MoreRelatedMy First Attempt At Redemptive Accomplishment935 Words   |  4 PagesAccomplishment if it is Not Challenging The most appreciated accomplishments in life; come from struggle. As a teenager, I failed to complete college. My failure was not a lack of intellect; rather it was a lack of discipline and commitment. A decade and a half later, I have grown to appreciate the value of putting in effort. Southern New Hampshire University’s English Composition course is my first attempt at redemptive accomplishment. When I began this writing course, I was asked what I hopedRead MoreDD305 TMA011371 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"†¦To speak of the mutual constitution of personal lives and social policy is to suggest that each of these contributes to the formation of the other. † Explain and illustrate this statement. While it may first appear that ‘personal lives’ and ‘social policy’ are two distinct areas of everyday life, closer exploration will show how close the two intertwine and entangle and actually provide a way for each to give meaning and constitution to each other (Fink and Lewis et al, pg 6). This essay willRead MoreAdvice For First Writing Course At The University Of Central Florida983 Words   |  4 PagesAdvice to First Writing Course at the University of Central Florida Writing courses can be challenging and that is why I decided to write this personal narrative. 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Though I struggled with the drafting process, as my preferred method of ess ay writing involvedRead MoreWhat I Have Learned in My Writing Course847 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity for second years, English 1A was my first regular English class, and over the course of my stay I have grown and learned a lot. As Hospitality major, I do not know whether need my writing skills for future job, but I know the great experience in English 1A class would help me to improve all my writing weakness. Writing used to be one of my strengths, but throughout my coursework in this semester, it was challenging to take the first step to approach my first draft. I was always taken a long timeRead MoreA Narrative Assessment Curriculum For Students1357 Words   |  6 PagesA narrative assessment curriculum would relieve help to relieve much of this stress, because many more factors determining the comprehension of the student would be considered. Feedback would be given by the teacher, guiding the student to help her understand which areas she would need to focus on and which areas she exceled. This stimulates cognitive growth and self-discovery, unimpeded by standardized expectations and demands. As student participating in this type of curriculum would be allowedRead MoreEssay On Social Morality In Macbeth938 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidering the aspect in which gender plays a divisive role, addressing masculinity to be considered superior in all societal functions. The machinations at work driving the play’s narrative forward are parallel to the guises both the witches as well as Lady Macbeth undertake in order to achieve their ends. Upending against the narrative was the perceived notion that reigned within the time of Shakespeare through which public norms had enabled an extensive division between the genders took root as the socialRead MoreExpository Writing - Writing And Writing1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthe semester, I was not certain what to except from this course. Writing has never been my strong suit, early in the semester I struggled with the writings. In high school, English class was not my favorite subject causing me to not gain the knowledge I should have, coming into this course with a poor knowledge about expository and narrative writing. Once I entered this course, the information that was received about expository and narrative writing helped me tremendously. 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A literacy narrative is a personal account of your first time learning how to read or write. Having to do this assignment was very challenging to me, because I could not recall the first time of me personally reading or writing. When I first started to read

Business Ethics Management

Question: Write a paper to present your position on sweatshop labor and provide justification. Answer: Introduction The paper has analyzed the unethical behavior of the organizations using sweat shop labor. Sweat shop labor is a term that has been used to define the work place that has socially unacceptable conditions of working. In most cases the work is dangerous and unpaid. Workers in the sweat shop have to work for long hours without mandating the laws that provide overtime payment (Paulins Hillery, 2009). The clothing company has been using sweat shop labor for manufacturing clothes those results in low cost of production. But the use of sweat shop labor is not an ethical practice. Sweat shop labor is increasing at an alarming rate in the globalized world. The practice of reduction of cost of production using sweat shop labor is against the legal policies that govern labor laws (O'Brien, 2001). Sweat shop labor An unethical practice The usage of sweat shop labor has been increasing at an alarming rate. But the usage of sweat shop labor is an unethical practice as the workers are forced to work for long hours without overtime payment. This violates the labor laws of the country. In order to reduce the cost of production, the organizations are using sweat shop labor. There has been potential rise of sweat shop culture across nations (Szeto, 2010). Impact of consumer demand on consumer business decision The global market place is driven with intense pressure of price competition. The companies who are able to provide quality products at low price sustain in the market. Thus the companies are bound to cut the cost of production to remain competitive. The situation has risen due to increase in demand of the consumers regarding price of products and quality. This has put immense pressure on the business. The business firms have to adopt procedures that will reduce the cost of production without compromising with the quality. Thus the organizations have increased the practice of using sweat shop labors. The unethical practices have been increasing in all parts of the world at an alarming rate (Williams, 2006). Role of different ethical perspectives in ethical decision making The diverse ethical perspectives assist in ethical decision making. The ethical perspectives have to be considered in terms of salary and wages of the employees, motivation and job satisfaction of the employees. This will result in good productivity and turnover with better quality of service. It is mandatory that every organization should follow the labor laws. Violation of labor law is an unethical practice. The diverse ethical perspectives ensure that safety of the business is maintained and it abides by the health and safety rules and regulations (Baldwin Winters, 2004). Influence of company on the ethical environment The organization plays a major role in preserving the ethical environment. The increase in the usage of sweat shop labor at an alarming rate is an unethical practice. The organizations are making compromises in order to remain competitive. But the organization has to ensure that they maintain safe and healthy conditions at work place. The organization must also focus on preserving the job satisfaction. With globalization, companies have focused in enhancing their operations overseas along with decentralization of the business function. This is followed by empowerment of the work force. Thus it is imperative for the organization to develop code of ethics to reduce the misconduct in the organization. An ethical environment will reduce the usage of sweat shop labor. It is thereby the responsibility of the organization to preserve an ethical environment at workplace. This will reduce the moral and the ethical dilemmas. The decisions of the business will be based on ethical grounds. The d ilemmas are complex in nature and the companies are forced to take decisions that have negative repercussions on the business. This can result in bewildering moral problems in the organization. The company will tend to lose its fundamental issue related to fairness. It is the sole responsibility of the company to preserve the ethical environment at work place by reducing the unfair practices (Ciulla, Martin Solomon, 2007). Conclusion The usage of sweat shop labor in the manufacture of clothing products has increased at an alarming rate. The sweat shop labors are used by the manufacturing organizations to reduce the cost of production without reducing the quality of the product. This is done to maintain the global competitiveness. The unethical practice of using sweat shop labor is increasing at an alarming rate. The unfair practice is a result of increase in demand from the consumers. The organization has to strictly follow certain ethical code of conduct that will assist in the decision making of the organization. References Baldwin, R., Winters, L. (2004). Challenges to globalization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ciulla, J., Martin, C., Solomon, R. (2007). Honest work. New York: Oxford University Press. Mai, T., Turkina, E. (2013). Entrepreneurship in the informal economy. New York: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group. O'Brien, R. (2001). "'A Sweat Shop of the Whole Nation': The Fair Labor Standard Act and the Failure of Regulatory Unionism". Stud. Am. Pol. Dev., 15(1), 33-52. doi:10.1017/s0898588x01003881 Paulins, V., Hillery, J. (2009). Ethics in the fashion industry. New York, NY: Fairchild Publications. Szeto, R. (2010). Chinese folk wisdom: Implications for guarding against unethical practices by Chinese managers. Journal Of Public Affairs, 10(3), 173-185. doi:10.1002/pa.355 Williams, C. (2006). Beyond the sweat shop: offà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ books work in contemporary England. Jrnl Of Small Bus Ente Dev, 13(1), 89-99. doi:10.1108/14626000610645333

Managing People and Organisations Globalization

Question: Discuss about theManaging People and Organisations for Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization Globalization, a term which defines the changes or modification in the business or its environment or its ethics or personalities aiming towards the development of the organization with respect to the business market across the globe eventually by increasing the global economy. For this process of globalization, the organizations must have to get perfect with its culture that is to be maintained both inside the organization and outside the organization (Anbari et al., 2003). The culture within the organization can be maintained by taking upon consideration about the relations between the people which is again enhanced by required motivation that will give the work environment an inherent uncertainty to live. The people attitude towards the management of time makes this factor an important in going through the organizational culture. Along with these, there are more of the socio-cultural dimensions which add some more factors to the cultural dimensions of the organization (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). Culture of Organization The culture of an organization or the workforce is said to be the ideas or the customs or the social behaviour of the society or the people. Due to this culture, many organizations differ from each other in various levels and also due to this the workplace or the organizations somehow became successful in getting it expected levels in the global market. Cultural differences use to define communities which comprise of the people or the organization which uses to make the clarity regarding the ethnicity of the organization. Any type of changes in the culture of the organization makes it efficient in adapting the culture of the global market along with the trends and traditions (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Outside the organization, the social culture of the organization is the key distinction of the organization which has its impact on the globalization of the workforce in accordance to make the workforce global according to the international market (Fowler, 2013). These cultures outside the organization are sometimes multifaceted, borderless and can be said to be evolving. By going through the international standards, the organization has must to enhance its value according to the markets need. The culture of an organization that is within or outside always plays a major role in maintaining a happy and healthy environment by going through the promotion of the people by undergoing much communication regarding the ethics of the employees (Ghai Vivian, 2014). The environment outside the organization takes the acknowledgment and acceptance according to the need and trends of the market that eventually affects the behavioural attitudes of the organization and its employees which decide the future of the organization in the global market. As it is known that the existence of the organization in the global market depends on upon its communication which can be said to be a challenge to the company, because due to any issues in the communication there will be the clashes of the ethical and cultural issues of the organizations in the global market (Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera, 2013). So it can be said that the poor communication always leads to poor performance of the organization. The organizations that are competing in the global market get the impact of globalization upon its cultural issues along with the cultural issues of the other company in the market. Organizations Economic Challenges Organizations economic challenges can be solved through the perfect communication with the employees, customers and the most important are the stakeholders who are majorly involved in the taking the organization to a higher level. In the international market, mostly the organizations need to develop their communication to make a suitable place in the market for the proper growth in the business, for which the companies need to develop their relationship managers along with the subordinates that can be able to manage the issues that come in the international market (Matthews Thakkar, 2012). Researchers have been shown that the companies those are having a good amount of cross-cultural communication always leads to getting a more competitive advantage which will be helpful in bringing more advantages regarding resources and time span for not getting into any type issues of the inside or outside environment of the organization. Therefore it can be said that the international market rev iew of an organization can get through the proper communication procedure which is intended to prevent the chaos in the market which eventually removes the cultural understandings that are mainly caused by the personal biases and the prejudices. Therefore many of the research papers and the journals are being considered which directly shows the situation of the companies or the organization in the international market. Diwakar Singh in the paper Managing Cross-cultural Diversity: Issues and Challenges in Global Organizations said that the modernization in the global market made the improvements in the organizations by which they had developed many operational ways that will enhance the coordination and motivation and communication in the organization which will be helpful in maintaining the organizational value in international market (Ghai Vivian, 2014). This event made the arrival of the multicultural attitude of the organizations in the global market. In another journal of Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behaviour and Job Satisfaction by Yafang Tsai, it is said about the cultural values of the organizations which basically made the relations within the organizations involving the behaviour and att itude of the organization on the international market and trends. It says about the interaction within the organization and outside of the organization. Again Lowell C. Mathews and Bharat S. Thakkar in the paper The Impact of Globalization on Cross-Cultural Communication, said about the details of the global business operations of the organizations along with the requirements of that to enhance those ways to improve the basic demand of the organization according to the international market (Matthews Thakkar, 2012). It said that the communication is the major weapon to tackle the issues that emerge in the international market by avoiding or preventing the misunderstandings by the prejudices and the personal biases. In the paper Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness by Paula Caligiuri and Ibraiz Tarique, has mentioned in their write up regarding the data analysis they have done to basically get a good picture of the cross-cultural experiences outside the organization in the environment of the international market (Caligiuri Tarique, 2012). They have further stated that these competences that are raised due to the cross-cultural experiences can be said to be the predictors of the supervisors which values the effectiveness of global leadership. Another book of Human Relations, says about the globalization in accordance with the cross-cultural variation among the organization in the international market. Paper of Cross-Cultural Differences and their Implications for Managing International Projects by F. T. Anjari et al said about the multicultural global business community which makes the clarification about the misunderstandings of the organization in the market and it also makes successful efforts by making good communication within the organizations with much effective, leadership and mutual respect (Anbari et al., 2003). References Anbari, F. T., Khilkhanova, E. V., Romanova, M. V., Umpleby, S. A. (2003). Cross cultural differences and their implications for managing international projects.Retrived from https://www. gwu. edu/~ umpleby/recent_papers/2003_cross_cultural_differences_managin_international_projects_anbari_khilkhanova_romanova_umpleby. htm. Caligiuri, P., Tarique, I. (2012). Dynamic cross-cultural competencies and global leadership effectiveness.Journal of World Business,47(4), 612-622. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Fowler, A. (2013).Striking a balance: A guide to enhancing the effectiveness of non-governmental organisations in international development. Routledge. Ghai, D., Vivian, J. M. (2014).Grassroots environmental action: people's participation in sustainable development. Routledge. Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Matthews, L. C., Thakkar, B. (2012). The impact of globalization on cross-cultural communication.Globalization-education and management agendas, 325-340. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited.

Expository Essay Sample

Expository Essay SampleAn expository essay is an essay which is largely concerned with the presentation of the author's points of view in such a way that it is understandable and is easily readable by a reader. An expository essay does not have to be an intellectual article or essay on any single subject. It can be on any theme of interest, whether it is related to subjects of science, art, politics, philosophy, social sciences, sociology, philosophy, mathematics or any other areas.The prime function of expository essays is to inform the readers about the gist of the information being presented. It is also intended to relay information in a way that will catch the attention of the reader, lead them to the conclusion and encourage them to know more. The essay is meant to get the reader interested in the topic and also to educate the reader about the topic in question. This will eventually compel the reader to think about the topic in the context of the rest of the paper.Of course, the purpose of the essay is to play a major role in the development of the class discussion. It can often become the occasion for students to discuss various topics in their own areas of interest and expertise. There are three popular types of expository essays, namely traditional, informal and innovative, for each of which there is a corresponding expository essay sample.Traditionally, an essay written in a formal format is the simplest and most common type of essay. It is usually composed of a thesis statement, data supporting the thesis and a conclusion. In the formal format, the writer has no scope for creative expression and therefore cannot anticipate any unusual ideas or interpret the writing in any unusual manner. However, in a well-written essay in the informal format, the writer has the scope to introduce new ideas or interpretations in order to complete the thesis statement.Informal essays which are offered as expository essay sample follow a completely different structure a nd format. One has the scope to create a much more creative style by which he or she could paint a vivid picture of the subject by inserting words and phrases of his or her choice. In this style, words are used more freely and the writing style is essentially conversational. This type of essay differs from the traditional form by the fact that the writer can not only present new ideas but also make his or her position clear in a persuasive manner.Every essay has the capacity to be classified into two different types depending on its content. The first type includes a syllabus for the entire essay and for each topic selected it is required to make a separate statement of opinion. The second type involves a syllabus in the form of an outline which provides the writer the liberty to insert the necessary parts of his or her essay.There are several advantages of an expository essay sample, which is in turn used to check the abilities of the student to write a unique essay. One such advan tage is that it enables the student to see how a unique essay should be written. Another advantage is that it is useful to determine the level of skill and proficiency of the writer.The expository essay can be used for any academic subject or the student needs to make it as per his or her preferences. Expository essays can also be adapted for any extracurricular activities. It is the writer's job to come up with a unique expository essay which is able to address all the concerns of the class.

Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan free essay sample

Japan has gained a reputation of having a low divorce rate compared to other countries. Indeed, between 1945 and 1990, the divorce rate of Japan has never been higher than 1. 5 per 1000 population. Since the 1990s, the divorce rate of Japan increased, reaching 2. 08 in 2005. even if we can consider this a low divorce rate in comparison with the U. S, compared with other industrialized country, it is an average rate. Then, why is Japans divorce rate considered so low? We will see first why I do not consider Japans divorce rate low, then the historical reasons of the divorce rate, the actual reasons of the divorce rate and, finally, what to expect in the future. gt;gt; why do I not consider the Japanese divorce rate low? Since World War II, Japan has been considered a country with really low divorce rate. Indeed, according to the figure 1. 2, Japan divorce rate in 1945 was 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 per 1000 of population. Since the 1960s, divorce rate in Japan has been growing, with a peak in 2002 when there have been 290,000 divorce. Since then, the divorce rate has decreased. In 2005, there has been 262. 000 divorce, and the divorce rate has been 2. 08 per 1000 population. Because a U. S. -Japan comparison formed the basis for the majority of divorce studies, the Japanese divorce rate appeared low. However, if Japan had been compared with Southern European countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal or Italy, its divorce rate would not have appeared particularly low. By 2000, the Japanese divorce rate placed the nation somewhere in the middle band of European countries, but still very low in comparison to the United States. Even though the American divorce rate has been declining in recent years, it is still extremely high compared with all European countries as the figure 1. 1 clearly shows. gt;gt; historical reasons of the actual level of the divorce rate? Elevated divorce rates in Japan arent a new phenomenon, indeed in the 19th century, Japanese divorce rates have been exceeded only by those in the 1970s in the United States. In the 19th century and before, it was fairly common for people to try marriage and to divorce if necessary. Remarriage was also normal for women and men. Even spouse testing was accepted inside the ociety. Only the samurai didnt follow this rule and married once and only. Until the introduction of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, Japan had some of the highest divorce rates in the world. Under the old peasant marriage system, women were considered a valuable economic resource by families. Young wives were often tested out by the new family in trial marriages and if they did not me et the required standard, they were sent back home. Thus, most divorces occurred in the early stages of marriage. Remarriage rates for both men and women were high, but later marriages were usually stable. Harold Fuess wrote a book about the â€Å"forgotten history† of Japan divorce: Family, Gender and the State 1600-2000, by Harold Feuss. He explains how in 1898, the civil code and some new laws on family registration led to a sharp decline in divorce rates. One of the aims of the Meiji legislation was to discourage divorce and bring Japan more in line with European marriage and divorce trends. In its drive to modernize the country, the Meiji government managed to impose the anti-divorce values of the former elite Samurai classes on the general population. Samurai customs had previously only been associated with a very small fraction of the population. So successful were the governments efforts that nowadays most Japanese are unaware than their country once had one of the highest divorce rates in the world. The act in itself of codifying family regulation generated some frictions between customs, newly â€Å"invented traditions† and western legal practices, that made people believe of divorcing as a way of dishonoring ones family, group, or country. Therefore, between 1898 and 1940, the divorce rates declined. The strengthening of the institution of marriage was also helped by the economic growth and the industrialization of Japan. Indeed, thanks to the growth, each family had more or less a growing comfort level, it was usual for women not to work, in case of divorce, women were highly at a disadvantage: they could not support themselves, and therefore not a child. Marriage was therefore seen as an economic and social stability, furthermore, a new sexual morality has developed which reinforced the idea that marriage was a national disgrace and a poor reflection on women rights. Harold Fuess highlights the fact that the Japanese government has a big part of this idea that divorce is not part of the history of Japan. Indeed, in 1997, the government suppressed textbooks that reported the high divorce rates of the past. After World War II, Japan gained an undeserved reputation for low divorce rates, the current â€Å"explosion† of divorce rate is just Japan going back to the high level of the 19th century. gt;gt; what are the actual reasons of the divorce rate? As in other developed countries, the reasons why couples divorce are usually a complex combination of factors which vary from individual case and change over time. The most commonly cited reasons for Japanese divorce in the nineties were an extramarital affair, neglect of family, financial/economic problems, incompatibility, sexual problems, alcoholism, physical abuse and problems with in-laws. Some of the major social currents in the divorce equation were the changing concepts of marriage, a reluctance to have children, changing family structures, the emergence of more diverse family models, increased educational opportunities for women, enhanced female economic status, better career opportunities for women and positive media images of divorce, inter alia. But that are the reasons for divorce nowadays, lets concentrate on why people would not want a divorce, even when facing those problems. First of all, Japan is deficient in several areas of child support , most importantly having no mechanism in place for enforcing payment or collecting arrears. There is also no system for tracking down non-compliant fathers, no requirement to conduct DNA-paternity tests and no means for deducing money from the delinquent fathers salary. The courts normally do not take action if a spouse does not meet their obligations. To make matters worse, the legal framework for solving child support disputes is totally inadequate and requires an inordinate amount of time and money. People may not want to try and go alone in raising their children after a divorce considering all those problems concerning child support. Furthermore, the cost of rising a child in Japan is really high, therefore, with only one salary the perspective of rising children can be really hard. Indeed, after the divorce, usually children are under the care of their mothers, and the parental rights of the father are inexistent. Secondly, Divorce in Japan, like marriage, is easy if both parties agree to it. All you have to do is head for the Ward Office and fill out a Divorce Form. This is called kyougi rikon, or divorce by mutual consent, which happens, estimates a lawyer in about 80% of divorces. Assets, possessions, or property are divided up either informally or through the legal community. However, if both parties do not agree to divorce, things can get very messy. According to Japan Civil Code Article 770, there are five grounds for unilateral divorce: infidelity, malicious desertion (which for foreign spouses can include being deported), uncertainty whether or not the spouse is dead or alive for three years or more, serious mental disease without hope of recovery, or a grave reason which makes continuing the marriage impossible. What is considered a grave reason is unclear, and at the discretion of a judge if things go to court. However, the simple fact that you do not like each other anymore, i. e. a matter of irreconcilable differences, is not considered to be sufficient grounds. Here things begin to pinch. If one side refuses to agree to the divorce, you will have to negotiate until you do, which can take many years. You can legally separate, but this is not a divorce, and you cannot remarry. The fact that divorce can be so difficult in certain case leads people to seek legal separation instead of actual divorce. Plus, the access to court can be really difficult since there are not a lot of lawyer in Japan. Those are the two of the main reason why people do not seek to divorce in Japan, the difficulty of getting a divorce if there is no agreement, and the cost of rising children. gt;gt; what to expect for the future? Divorce may rise after a change in law in 2007. Indeed, spouses will be eligible for up to half of partners pensions. Hiromi Ikeuchi, author of The Costs and Benefits of Divorce in Middle Age, is convinced the decline since 2002 does not mean married couples have become more content. She believes many unhappy spouses have been biding their time since 2001, when discussions on changes to the pension system began. The revision was passed in 2004. Men have just recently begun learning about the new law that divides their employee pensions, but housewives have been aware of the change since around 2001. The recent dip in the divorce rate is merely the calm before the storm, and the number of divorces is likely to spike, even surpassing 300,000 in 2007. Though men appear blissfully unaware of the danger, Ikeuchi said many housewives, especially those over 50, are waiting patiently for the new rules to take effect. The new pension system was created to cope with the growing number of divorces among middle-aged couples and to support (divorced) women. Under the current system, divorced wives are only granted a basic pension of no more than 66,000 yen a month. By forcing husbands to share their employee pensions, which vary depending on average earnings and length of employment, a typical housewife could get up to twice as much if they hold out until April. There was also a change in the way welfare is distributed: all single parent households receive less money. Indeed, in 2006, a new law has been voted, the Health, Labor and Welfare ministry stopped giving the â€Å"mother child supplement† for depending children over 15 years old. 80% of single mother work. This figure includes widows, divorced women, and single mothers. They earn in average 30% of the income of an average household, and 17. % of them dont receive any money from the father of their children. This new law wont incite women to get a divorce, or on the contrary will incite them to marry and get a divorce. Indeed, as a never married woman with child receive less money than even a single father, and much less than a divorced woman. Therefore, it is more advantageous f or women to marry and then to divorce. Even if this change in welfare distribution may will be compensated by the law on spouse pension, the fact that single parents will receive less and less money from the state wont incite people to get a divorce. Conclusion: The divorce rate is not as low as it is believed. Indeed, mainly because it is compared with the U. S, Japans divorce rate is considered low. The main historical reason of this low divorce rate is the Meiji code and the new laws implemented in 1898, which complicated getting a divorce. Nowadays, people seems to be waiting the new law about pension in order to get a divorce, since people will be able to have a larger pension than what they could expect now. It is then highly probable that the divorce rate will rapidly increase after April 2007. Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan free essay sample Japan has gained a reputation of having a low divorce rate compared to other countries. Indeed, between 1945 and 1990, the divorce rate of Japan has never been higher than 1. 5 per 1000 population. Since the 1990s, the divorce rate of Japan increased, reaching 2. 08 in 2005. even if we can consider this a low divorce rate in comparison with the U. S, compared with other industrialized country, it is an average rate. Then, why is Japans divorce rate considered so low? We will see first why I do not consider Japans divorce rate low, then the historical reasons of the divorce rate, the actual reasons of the divorce rate and, finally, what to expect in the future. gt;gt; why do I not consider the Japanese divorce rate low? Since World War II, Japan has been considered a country with really low divorce rate. Indeed, according to the figure 1. 2, Japan divorce rate in 1945 was 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 per 1000 of population. Since the 1960s, divorce rate in Japan has been growing, with a peak in 2002 when there have been 290,000 divorce. Since then, the divorce rate has decreased. In 2005, there has been 262. 000 divorce, and the divorce rate has been 2. 08 per 1000 population. Because a U. S. -Japan comparison formed the basis for the majority of divorce studies, the Japanese divorce rate appeared low. However, if Japan had been compared with Southern European countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal or Italy, its divorce rate would not have appeared particularly low. By 2000, the Japanese divorce rate placed the nation somewhere in the middle band of European countries, but still very low in comparison to the United States. Even though the American divorce rate has been declining in recent years, it is still extremely high compared with all European countries as the figure 1. 1 clearly shows. gt;gt; historical reasons of the actual level of the divorce rate? Elevated divorce rates in Japan arent a new phenomenon, indeed in the 19th century, Japanese divorce rates have been exceeded only by those in the 1970s in the United States. In the 19th century and before, it was fairly common for people to try marriage and to divorce if necessary. Remarriage was also normal for women and men. Even spouse testing was accepted inside the ociety. Only the samurai didnt follow this rule and married once and only. Until the introduction of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, Japan had some of the highest divorce rates in the world. Under the old peasant marriage system, women were considered a valuable economic resource by families. Young wives were often tested out by the new family in trial marriages and if they did not me et the required standard, they were sent back home. Thus, most divorces occurred in the early stages of marriage. Remarriage rates for both men and women were high, but later marriages were usually stable. Harold Fuess wrote a book about the â€Å"forgotten history† of Japan divorce: Family, Gender and the State 1600-2000, by Harold Feuss. He explains how in 1898, the civil code and some new laws on family registration led to a sharp decline in divorce rates. One of the aims of the Meiji legislation was to discourage divorce and bring Japan more in line with European marriage and divorce trends. In its drive to modernize the country, the Meiji government managed to impose the anti-divorce values of the former elite Samurai classes on the general population. Samurai customs had previously only been associated with a very small fraction of the population. So successful were the governments efforts that nowadays most Japanese are unaware than their country once had one of the highest divorce rates in the world. The act in itself of codifying family regulation generated some frictions between customs, newly â€Å"invented traditions† and western legal practices, that made people believe of divorcing as a way of dishonoring ones family, group, or country. Therefore, between 1898 and 1940, the divorce rates declined. The strengthening of the institution of marriage was also helped by the economic growth and the industrialization of Japan. Indeed, thanks to the growth, each family had more or less a growing comfort level, it was usual for women not to work, in case of divorce, women were highly at a disadvantage: they could not support themselves, and therefore not a child. Marriage was therefore seen as an economic and social stability, furthermore, a new sexual morality has developed which reinforced the idea that marriage was a national disgrace and a poor reflection on women rights. Harold Fuess highlights the fact that the Japanese government has a big part of this idea that divorce is not part of the history of Japan. Indeed, in 1997, the government suppressed textbooks that reported the high divorce rates of the past. After World War II, Japan gained an undeserved reputation for low divorce rates, the current â€Å"explosion† of divorce rate is just Japan going back to the high level of the 19th century. gt;gt; what are the actual reasons of the divorce rate? As in other developed countries, the reasons why couples divorce are usually a complex combination of factors which vary from individual case and change over time. The most commonly cited reasons for Japanese divorce in the nineties were an extramarital affair, neglect of family, financial/economic problems, incompatibility, sexual problems, alcoholism, physical abuse and problems with in-laws. Some of the major social currents in the divorce equation were the changing concepts of marriage, a reluctance to have children, changing family structures, the emergence of more diverse family models, increased educational opportunities for women, enhanced female economic status, better career opportunities for women and positive media images of divorce, inter alia. But that are the reasons for divorce nowadays, lets concentrate on why people would not want a divorce, even when facing those problems. First of all, Japan is deficient in several areas of child support , most importantly having no mechanism in place for enforcing payment or collecting arrears. There is also no system for tracking down non-compliant fathers, no requirement to conduct DNA-paternity tests and no means for deducing money from the delinquent fathers salary. The courts normally do not take action if a spouse does not meet their obligations. To make matters worse, the legal framework for solving child support disputes is totally inadequate and requires an inordinate amount of time and money. People may not want to try and go alone in raising their children after a divorce considering all those problems concerning child support. Furthermore, the cost of rising a child in Japan is really high, therefore, with only one salary the perspective of rising children can be really hard. Indeed, after the divorce, usually children are under the care of their mothers, and the parental rights of the father are inexistent. Secondly, Divorce in Japan, like marriage, is easy if both parties agree to it. All you have to do is head for the Ward Office and fill out a Divorce Form. This is called kyougi rikon, or divorce by mutual consent, which happens, estimates a lawyer in about 80% of divorces. Assets, possessions, or property are divided up either informally or through the legal community. However, if both parties do not agree to divorce, things can get very messy. According to Japan Civil Code Article 770, there are five grounds for unilateral divorce: infidelity, malicious desertion (which for foreign spouses can include being deported), uncertainty whether or not the spouse is dead or alive for three years or more, serious mental disease without hope of recovery, or a grave reason which makes continuing the marriage impossible. What is considered a grave reason is unclear, and at the discretion of a judge if things go to court. However, the simple fact that you do not like each other anymore, i. e. a matter of irreconcilable differences, is not considered to be sufficient grounds. Here things begin to pinch. If one side refuses to agree to the divorce, you will have to negotiate until you do, which can take many years. You can legally separate, but this is not a divorce, and you cannot remarry. The fact that divorce can be so difficult in certain case leads people to seek legal separation instead of actual divorce. Plus, the access to court can be really difficult since there are not a lot of lawyer in Japan. Those are the two of the main reason why people do not seek to divorce in Japan, the difficulty of getting a divorce if there is no agreement, and the cost of rising children. gt;gt; what to expect for the future? Divorce may rise after a change in law in 2007. Indeed, spouses will be eligible for up to half of partners pensions. Hiromi Ikeuchi, author of The Costs and Benefits of Divorce in Middle Age, is convinced the decline since 2002 does not mean married couples have become more content. She believes many unhappy spouses have been biding their time since 2001, when discussions on changes to the pension system began. The revision was passed in 2004. Men have just recently begun learning about the new law that divides their employee pensions, but housewives have been aware of the change since around 2001. The recent dip in the divorce rate is merely the calm before the storm, and the number of divorces is likely to spike, even surpassing 300,000 in 2007. Though men appear blissfully unaware of the danger, Ikeuchi said many housewives, especially those over 50, are waiting patiently for the new rules to take effect. The new pension system was created to cope with the growing number of divorces among middle-aged couples and to support (divorced) women. Under the current system, divorced wives are only granted a basic pension of no more than 66,000 yen a month. By forcing husbands to share their employee pensions, which vary depending on average earnings and length of employment, a typical housewife could get up to twice as much if they hold out until April. There was also a change in the way welfare is distributed: all single parent households receive less money. Indeed, in 2006, a new law has been voted, the Health, Labor and Welfare ministry stopped giving the â€Å"mother child supplement† for depending children over 15 years old. 80% of single mother work. This figure includes widows, divorced women, and single mothers. They earn in average 30% of the income of an average household, and 17. % of them dont receive any money from the father of their children. This new law wont incite women to get a divorce, or on the contrary will incite them to marry and get a divorce. Indeed, as a never married woman with child receive less money than even a single father, and much less than a divorced woman. Therefore, it is more advantageous f or women to marry and then to divorce. Even if this change in welfare distribution may will be compensated by the law on spouse pension, the fact that single parents will receive less and less money from the state wont incite people to get a divorce. Conclusion: The divorce rate is not as low as it is believed. Indeed, mainly because it is compared with the U. S, Japans divorce rate is considered low. The main historical reason of this low divorce rate is the Meiji code and the new laws implemented in 1898, which complicated getting a divorce. Nowadays, people seems to be waiting the new law about pension in order to get a divorce, since people will be able to have a larger pension than what they could expect now. It is then highly probable that the divorce rate will rapidly increase. Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan free essay sample Since the World War II, Japan has gained a reputation of having a low divorce rate compared to other countries. Indeed, between 1945 and 1990, the divorce rate of Japan has never been higher than 1. 5 per 1000 population. Since the 1990s, the divorce rate of Japan increased, reaching 2. 08 in 2005. even if we can consider this a low divorce rate in comparison with the U. S, compared with other industrialized country, it is an average rate. Then, why is Japans divorce rate considered so low? We will see first why I do not consider Japans divorce rate low, then the historical reasons of the divorce rate, the actual reasons of the divorce rate and, finally, what to expect in the future. gt;gt; why do I not consider the Japanese divorce rate low? Since World War II, Japan has been considered a country with really low divorce rate. Indeed, according to the figure 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Divorce Rate so Low in Japan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2, Japan divorce rate in 1945 was 1. 1 per 1000 of population. Since the 1960s, divorce rate in Japan has been growing, with a peak in 2002 when there have been 290,000 divorce. Since then, the divorce rate has decreased. In 2005, there has been 262. 000 divorce, and the divorce rate has been 2. 08 per 1000 population. Because a U. S. -Japan comparison formed the basis for the majority of divorce studies, the Japanese divorce rate appeared low. However, if Japan had been compared with Southern European countries like Spain, Greece, Portugal or Italy, its divorce rate would not have appeared particularly low. By 2000, the Japanese divorce rate placed the nation somewhere in the middle band of European countries, but still very low in comparison to the United States. Even though the American divorce rate has been declining in recent years, it is still extremely high compared with all European countries as the figure 1. 1 clearly shows. gt;gt; historical reasons of the actual level of the divorce rate? Elevated divorce rates in Japan arent a new phenomenon, indeed in the 19th century, Japanese divorce rates have been exceeded only by those in the 1970s in the United States. In the 19th century and before, it was fairly common for people to try marriage and to divorce if necessary. Remarriage was also normal for women and men. Even spouse testing was accepted inside the ociety. Only the samurai didnt follow this rule and married once and only. Until the introduction of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, Japan had some of the highest divorce rates in the world. Under the old peasant marriage system, women were considered a valuable economic resource by families. Young wives were often tested out by the new family in trial marriages and if they did not me et the required standard, they were sent back home. Thus, most divorces occurred in the early stages of marriage. Remarriage rates for both men and women were high, but later marriages were usually stable. Harold Fuess wrote a book about the â€Å"forgotten history† of Japan divorce: DIVORCE IN JAPAN: Family, Gender and the State 1600-2000, by Harold Feuss. He explains how in 1898, the civil code and some new laws on family registration led to a sharp decline in divorce rates. One of the aims of the Meiji legislation was to discourage divorce and bring Japan more in line with European marriage and divorce trends. In its drive to modernize the country, the Meiji government managed to impose the anti-divorce values of the former elite Samurai classes on the general population. Samurai customs had previously only been associated with a very small fraction of the population. So successful were the governments efforts that nowadays most Japanese are unaware than their country once had one of the highest divorce rates in the world. The act in itself of codifying family regulation generated some frictions between customs, newly â€Å"invented traditions† and western legal practices, that made people believe of divorcing as a way of dishonoring ones family, group, or country. Therefore, between 1898 and 1940, the divorce rates declined. The strengthening of the institution of marriage was also helped by the economic growth and the industrialization of Japan. Indeed, thanks to the growth, each family had more or less a growing comfort level, it was usual for women not to work, in case of divorce, women were highly at a disadvantage: they could not support themselves, and therefore not a child. Marriage was therefore seen as an economic and social stability, furthermore, a new sexual morality has developed which reinforced the idea that marriage was a national disgrace and a poor reflection on women rights. Harold Fuess highlights the fact that the Japanese government has a big part of this idea that divorce is not part of the history of Japan. Indeed, in 1997, the government suppressed textbooks that reported the high divorce rates of the past. After World War II, Japan gained an undeserved reputation for low divorce rates, the current â€Å"explosion† of divorce rate is just Japan going back to the high level of the 19th century. gt;gt; what are the actual reasons of the divorce rate? As in other developed countries, the reasons why couples divorce are usually a complex combination of factors which vary from individual case and change over time. The most commonly cited reasons for Japanese divorce in the nineties were an extramarital affair, neglect of family, financial/economic problems, incompatibility, sexual problems, alcoholism, physical abuse and problems with in-laws. Some of the major social currents in the divorce equation were the changing concepts of marriage, a reluctance to have children, changing family structures, the emergence of more diverse family models, increased educational opportunities for women, enhanced female economic status, better career opportunities for women and positive media images of divorce, inter alia. But that are the reasons for divorce nowadays, lets concentrate on why people would not want a divorce, even when facing those problems. First of all, Japan is deficient in several areas of child support , most importantly having no mechanism in place for enforcing payment or collecting arrears. There is also no system for tracking down non-compliant fathers, no requirement to conduct DNA-paternity tests and no means for deducing money from the delinquent fathers salary. The courts normally do not take action if a spouse does not meet their obligations. To make matters worse, the legal framework for solving child support disputes is totally inadequate and requires an inordinate amount of time and money. People may not want to try and go alone in raising their children after a divorce considering all those problems concerning child support. Furthermore, the cost of rising a child in Japan is really high, therefore, with only one salary the perspective of rising children can be really hard. Indeed, after the divorce, usually children are under the care of their mothers, and the parental rights of the father are inexistent. Secondly, Divorce in Japan, like marriage, is easy if both parties agree to it. All you have to do is head for the Ward Office and fill out a Divorce Form. This is called kyougi rikon, or divorce by mutual consent, which happens, estimates a lawyer in about 80% of divorces. Assets, possessions, or property are divided up either informally or through the legal community. However, if both parties do not agree to divorce, things can get very messy. According to Japan Civil Code Article 770, there are five grounds for unilateral divorce: infidelity, malicious desertion (which for foreign spouses can include being deported), uncertainty whether or not the spouse is dead or alive for three years or more, serious mental disease without hope of recovery, or a grave reason which makes continuing the marriage impossible. What is considered a grave reason is unclear, and at the discretion of a judge if things go to court. However, the simple fact that you do not like each other anymore, i. e. a matter of irreconcilable differences, is not considered to be sufficient grounds. Here things begin to pinch. If one side refuses to agree to the divorce, you will have to negotiate until you do, which can take many years. You can legally separate, but this is not a divorce, and you cannot remarry. The fact that divorce can be so difficult in certain case leads people to seek legal separation instead of actual divorce. Plus, the access to court can be really difficult since there are not a lot of lawyer in Japan. Those are the two of the main reason why people do not seek to divorce in Japan, the difficulty of getting a divorce if there is no agreement, and the cost of rising children. gt;gt; what to expect for the future? Divorce may rise after a change in law in 2007. Indeed, spouses will be eligible for up to half of partners pensions. Hiromi Ikeuchi, author of The Costs and Benefits of Divorce in Middle Age, is convinced the decline since 2002 does not mean married couples have become more content. She believes many unhappy spouses have been biding their time since 2001, when discussions on changes to the pension system began. The revision was passed in 2004. Men have just recently begun learning about the new law that divides their employee pensions, but housewives have been aware of the change since around 2001. The recent dip in the divorce rate is merely the calm before the storm, and the number of divorces is likely to spike, even surpassing 300,000 in 2007. Though men appear blissfully unaware of the danger, Ikeuchi said many housewives, especially those over 50, are waiting patiently for the new rules to take effect. The new pension system was created to cope with the growing number of divorces among middle-aged couples and to support (divorced) women. Under the current system, divorced wives are only granted a basic pension of no more than 66,000 yen a month. By forcing husbands to share their employee pensions, which vary depending on average earnings and length of employment, a typical housewife could get up to twice as much if they hold out until April. There was also a change in the way welfare is distributed: all single parent households receive less money. Indeed, in 2006, a new law has been voted, the Health, Labor and Welfare ministry stopped giving the â€Å"mother child supplement† for depending children over 15 years old. 80% of single mother work. This figure includes widows, divorced women, and single mothers. They earn in average 30% of the income of an average household, and 17. % of them dont receive any money from the father of their children. This new law wont incite women to get a divorce, or on the contrary will incite them to marry and get a divorce. Indeed, as a never married woman with child receive less money than even a single father, and much less than a divorced woman. Therefore, it is more advantageous f or women to marry and then to divorce. Even if this change in welfare distribution may will be compensated by the law on spouse pension, the fact that single parents will receive less and less money from the state wont incite people to get a divorce. Conclusion: The divorce rate is not as low as it is believed. Indeed, mainly because it is compared with the U. S, Japans divorce rate is considered low. The main historical reason of this low divorce rate is the Meiji code and the new laws implemented in 1898, which complicated getting a divorce. Nowadays, people seems to be waiting the new law about pension in order to get a divorce, since people will be able to have a larger pension than what they could expect now. It is then highly probable that the divorce rate will rapidly increase after April 2007.